Learning robot manipulation is constrained by the availability of action-labeled robot data, for both imitation and world models. Humans can demonstrate skills in seconds, but their demonstrations lack the required robot actions. We introduce DiWALI, a framework that learns and improves diffusion policies within a world model trained on human and robot play. DiWALI infers latent actions from consecutive frames using an inverse dynamics model, enabling world model training without action labels, and grounds them in robot commands through a decoder trained separately on robot play. Skill policies are trained over latent actions from action-free human demonstrations and improved with reinforcement learning in imagination. On the CALVIN benchmark, DiWALI policies trained solely from human demonstrations substantially outperform baselines trained with robot demonstrations. Incorporating human play into the world model training also yields stronger policies after fine-tuning than using the same amount of robot play alone. Experiments on a physical robot show that skills learned primarily from human demonstrations are further improved in imagination with a world model trained on human and robot play. Together, these results demonstrate that human experience can support both manipulation skill acquisition and subsequent policy improvement, reducing reliance on action-labeled robot data.
Skill learning from few or no robot demonstrations on CALVIN: Success rates of behavior-cloned policies on 11 tasks in five groups. Obs. is the policy’s input, raw RGB or the world model’s latent state. Action is what it denoises, robot end-effector deltas or latent actions. Demos is the number of robot and human demonstrations per task. DiWALI outperforms every baseline on average, and with no robot demonstrations at all it surpasses baselines given five (59.6% vs. 35.2% average success). Best result per column in bold.
Policy improvement in imagination: Success rate across 11 tasks before and after PPO fine-tuning in the world model. Play denotes the world model’s training data. Demos are the robot (R) and human (H) demonstrations per task used to train the policy and reward classifier. Red marks higher-cost robot data, while green marks lower-cost or human data. DiWALI outperforms DiWA trained on the same robot play with ten times as many robot demonstrations.
Success before and after fine-tuning in imagination, averaged over 20 rollouts and three seeds. DiWALI, trained on human and robot play, improves skills learned primarily from human demonstrations (50 action-free human videos, 5 action-labeled robot demonstrations) without any physical interaction.
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