DiWALI learns robot skills from action-free human videos and handful of action-labeled robot demonstrations, then improves them inside frozen world models trained on both human and robot play.

Abstract

Learning robot manipulation is constrained by the availability of action-labeled robot data, for both imitation and world models. Humans can demonstrate skills in seconds, but their demonstrations lack the required robot actions. We introduce DiWALI, a framework that learns and improves diffusion policies within a world model trained on human and robot play. DiWALI infers latent actions from consecutive frames using an inverse dynamics model, enabling world model training without action labels, and grounds them in robot commands through a decoder trained separately on robot play. Skill policies are trained over latent actions from action-free human demonstrations and improved with reinforcement learning in imagination. On the CALVIN benchmark, DiWALI policies trained solely from human demonstrations substantially outperform baselines trained with robot demonstrations. Incorporating human play into the world model training also yields stronger policies after fine-tuning than using the same amount of robot play alone. Experiments on a physical robot show that skills learned primarily from human demonstrations are further improved in imagination with a world model trained on human and robot play. Together, these results demonstrate that human experience can support both manipulation skill acquisition and subsequent policy improvement, reducing reliance on action-labeled robot data.

Overview

Overview of our approach
DiWALI framework. (a) A latent-action world model is trained on robot and human play, where an inverse dynamics model infers a latent action from the embeddings of two consecutive observations, and the RSSM uses it in place of the robot command to advance its recurrent state, predict the prior, and reconstruct the observation. No action labels are used. (b) The frozen world model encodes robot play into latent states and latent actions, from which an action decoder learns to predict the executed robot commands. (c) Human demonstrations are encoded the same way, and a diffusion policy learns to denoise Gaussian noise into their latent actions conditioned on world model latent states. (d) The policy is fine-tuned with PPO on imagined rollouts, in which the frozen world model advances the latent state under the policy's latent actions, and a frozen reward classifier scores each state. Snowflakes mark frozen components, flames trainable ones.

Robot and Human Play for World Model Training: CALVIN & Real-World

CALVIN Robot Play

Real-World Robot Play

CALVIN Human Play

Real-World Human Play

CALVIN: Action-Free Policy Learning & Policy Improvement in Imagination

Skill learning from few or no robot demonstrations on CALVIN: Success rates of behavior-cloned policies on 11 tasks in five groups. Obs. is the policy’s input, raw RGB or the world model’s latent state. Action is what it denoises, robot end-effector deltas or latent actions. Demos is the number of robot and human demonstrations per task. DiWALI outperforms every baseline on average, and with no robot demonstrations at all it surpasses baselines given five (59.6% vs. 35.2% average success). Best result per column in bold.

CALVIN: Action-Free Policy Learning

Policy improvement in imagination: Success rate across 11 tasks before and after PPO fine-tuning in the world model. Play denotes the world model’s training data. Demos are the robot (R) and human (H) demonstrations per task used to train the policy and reward classifier. Red marks higher-cost robot data, while green marks lower-cost or human data. DiWALI outperforms DiWA trained on the same robot play with ten times as many robot demonstrations.

CALVIN: Policy Improvement in Imagination

Real-World Experiments

Success before and after fine-tuning in imagination, averaged over 20 rollouts and three seeds. DiWALI, trained on human and robot play, improves skills learned primarily from human demonstrations (50 action-free human videos, 5 action-labeled robot demonstrations) without any physical interaction.

Real-world policy improvement for drawer, slider, and LED

Drawer

Slider

LED

Policies learned from 50 action-free human videos, 5 action-labeled robot demos.

Summary Video

Code

Coming soon!

Publications

If you find our work useful, please consider citing our paper:

Akshay L Chandra, Iman Nematollahi, Lingyue Zhao, Daria Kulikova, Angela P. Schoellig, Fabien Despinoy, Abhinav Valada
DiWALI: Diffusion Policy Learning in World Models via Latent Action Inference from Human and Robot Play
Under Review, 2026.

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Authors

Akshay L Chandra

Akshay L Chandra

University of Freiburg

Iman Nematollahi

Iman Nematollahi

University of Freiburg

Lingyue Zhao

Lingyue Zhao

Technical University of Munich

Daria Kulikova

Daria Kulikova

University of Freiburg

Angela P. Schoellig

Angela P. Schoellig

Technical University of Munich

Fabien Despinoy

Fabien Despinoy

Toyota Motor Europe

Abhinav Valada

Abhinav Valada

University of Freiburg

Acknowledgment

This work was funded by ...